I am a Senior Android Engineer and I love everything to do with computers. My specialty is Android programming but I actually love to code in any language specifically learning new things.
Let’s dive into the world of Jetpack Compose and explore how to use LazyColumn effectively. 🚀
Introduction
Jetpack Compose is a modern Android UI toolkit that simplifies building native user interfaces. One of its powerful features is the LazyColumn, which provides an efficient way to display large lists. Think of it as the successor to the good old RecyclerView and its adapter.
In this blog post, we’ll explore what LazyColumn is, how it works, and how you can leverage it to create dynamic and performant lists in your Android apps.
What is LazyColumn?
LazyColumn is a vertically scrolling list that only composes and lays out the currently visible items. Unlike a regular Column, which renders all items regardless of visibility, LazyColumn is “lazy.” It means that it efficiently handles large lists by rendering only the items currently visible on the screen. This lazy behavior significantly improves performance when dealing with extensive datasets.
Basic Usage
Let’s get started with some code examples. Suppose you want to create a simple list of messages using LazyColumn. Here’s how you can do it:@Composable fun MessageList(messages: List<Message>) { LazyColumn { items(messages) { message -> MessageRow(message) } } }
In the above snippet:
We define a MessageList composable that takes a list of Message objects.
Inside the LazyColumn block, we use the items function to iterate over the messages and compose each MessageRow.
DSL for Describing Items
The magic of LazyColumn lies in its DSL (domain-specific language). Instead of directly emitting composables like in a regular Column, we work with a LazyListScope block. This scope allows us to describe the item contents efficiently.
Adding Single Items
The most basic function in the DSL is item(), which adds a single item:LazyColumn { item { Text(text = "First item") } items(5) { index -> Text(text = "Item: $index") } item { Text(text = "Last item") } }
Handling Collections
We can also add collections of items using extensions like items() or itemsIndexed():LazyColumn { items(messages) { message -> MessageRow(message) } }
The itemsIndexed() extension even provides the index for more advanced scenarios.
Conclusion
And there you have it! LazyColumn is your go-to solution for efficiently displaying lists in Jetpack Compose. Whether you’re building a chat app, a news feed, or any other data-driven UI, give LazyColumn a try.
Remember, it’s all about being lazy in the right way—rendering only what’s necessary and keeping your UI smooth and responsive. Happy composing! 🎨
Source: Conversation with Bing, 3/23/2024 (1) Jetpack Compose | Implementing a LazyColumn / RecyclerView | Part I. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=_G0ndJLbaJI. (2) How to Create a Lazy Column With Categories in Jetpack Compose. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=XfYlRn_Jy1g. (3) How to Implement a Multi-Select LazyColumn in Jetpack Compose – Android Studio Tutorial. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=pvNcJXprrKM. (4) Lists and grids | Jetpack Compose | Android Developers. https://developer.android.com/jetpack/compose/lists. (5) LazyColumn in Jetpack Compose – Jetpack Compose World. https://jetpackcomposeworld.com/lazycolumn-in-jetpack-compose/. (6) Column vs LazyColumn in Android Jetpack Compose. https://codingwithrashid.com/column-vs-lazycolumn-in-android-jetpack-compose/. (7) LazyColumn – Jetpack Compose Playground – GitHub Pages. https://foso.github.io/Jetpack-Compose-Playground/foundation/lazycolumn/. (8) undefined. https://pl-coding.com/premium-courses/.
Steelhead trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) are fascinating migratory fish that captivate anglers and nature enthusiasts alike. Their journey from the depths of Lake Erie to the nearby tributary streams in Pennsylvania is a remarkable tale of adaptation, survival, and natural instinct.
In this blog post, we’ll explore the origin of steelhead trout in Pennsylvania, their life cycle, and the unique characteristics that make them a sought-after catch for anglers.
The Steelhead Migration
Stocking and Imprinting:
When steelhead are young, they are stocked into the shallow creeks that feed into Lake Erie.
These fish then imprint on the scent and characteristics of their home streams.
As they mature, they follow this mental map back to their natal streams during the spawning season.
Lake Erie to Tributaries:
Steelhead travel from the open waters of Lake Erie to the tributary streams.
Their migration is triggered by environmental cues such as water temperature, photoperiod, and instinctual behavior.
These fish navigate upstream, overcoming obstacles like waterfalls and rapids, driven by their innate urge to spawn.
The Spawning Ritual
Spawning Grounds:
Once in the tributaries, steelhead seek out suitable gravel beds for spawning.
These areas provide the right substrate for their eggs and offer protection against predators.
Courtship and Reproduction:
Male steelhead develop vibrant colors and a hooked jaw (kype) during the spawning season.
Females deposit their eggs in the gravel, and males fertilize them.
After spawning, both male and female steelhead may die, completing their life cycle.
Pennsylvania’s Prime Tributaries
Pennsylvania boasts several productive tributaries where steelhead thrive:
Elk Creek:
Located near Erie, Elk Creek is a popular destination for steelhead fishing.
Its clear waters and gravel beds provide ideal spawning grounds.
Walnut Creek:
Walnut Creek offers excellent steelhead fishing opportunities.
Anglers flock to its banks during the fall and winter months.
Conneaut Creek:
Conneaut Creek supports a healthy steelhead population.
Its diverse habitat and consistent flow attract both novice and experienced anglers.
Responsible Angling
Catch and Release:
To conserve steelhead populations, practice catch and release.
Handle these fish gently and release them back into the water to continue their journey.
SMART Angler Philosophy:
Remember the SMART angler principles: Safety First, Mindful Fishing, Appropriate Gear, Respect for Nature, and Thoughtful Practices.
Conclusion
The origin of steelhead trout in Pennsylvania is a testament to their resilience and adaptability. As these magnificent fish return to their natal streams, they remind us of the delicate balance between human interaction and the natural world.
So next time you cast your line into an Erie tributary, consider the incredible journey these steelhead have undertaken—a journey that connects Lake Erie’s depths to the heart of Pennsylvania’s waterways.
Source: Conversation with Bing, 3/7/2024 (1) Intro to PA Steelhead Fishing – Pennsylvania Fish & Boat Commission. https://www.fishandboat.com/Fishing/All-About-Fish/Catch-PA-Fish/Documents/IntroPaSteelheadFishing_ReferenceGuide.pdf. (2) Catching steelhead trout in Erie: What you need to know. https://apnews.com/article/lake-erie-erie-pennsylvania-lakes-f1e9a82b3cdd32d73584481f542dfb96. (3) Steelhead Fishing in Pennsylvania Streams: Erie Tributaries. https://tacklevillage.com/steelhead-fishing-in-pennsylvania/.
Let’s delve into the world of MVVM (Model-View-ViewModel) architecture and explore its advantages. 🚀
Understanding MVVM Architecture
MVVM is a software design pattern that cleanly separates the graphical user interface (View) from the business logic (Model) of an application. It was invented by Microsoft architects Ken Cooper and Ted Peters. The ultimate goal of MVVM is to make the view completely independent from the application logic. Here are the key components of MVVM:
Model: Represents the app’s domain model, including data models, business logic, and validation rules. It communicates with the ViewModel and remains unaware of the View.
View: Represents the user interface of the application. It holds limited, purely presentational logic and is completely agnostic to the business logic. The View communicates with the ViewModel through data binding.
ViewModel: Acts as the link between the View and the Model. It exposes public properties and commands that the View uses via data binding. When state changes occur, the ViewModel notifies the View through notification events.
Advantages of MVVM
Easier Development:
Separating the View from the logic allows different teams to work on different aspects of the application simultaneously.
Developers can focus on their specific areas (View, ViewModel, or Model) without stepping on each other’s toes.
Easier Testing:
UI testing is notoriously challenging. MVVM simplifies this by isolating the business logic in the ViewModel.
Unit testing the ViewModel becomes straightforward, as it doesn’t rely on UI components.
Improved Maintainability:
The separation between View and ViewModel makes code maintenance more manageable.
Changes to the UI (View) won’t impact the underlying logic (ViewModel).
Code Reusability:
ViewModel logic can be reused across different Views.
For example, if you have similar functionality in multiple screens, you can share the ViewModel code.
Parallel Development:
MVVM allows parallel development by enabling different teams to work on different layers.
UI designers can focus on the View, while developers handle the ViewModel and Model.
MVVM vs. Other Architectures
MVC (Model-View-Controller): MVVM evolved from MVC. While MVC separates applications into three components (Model, View, and Controller), MVVM replaces the Controller with the ViewModel. MVVM aims to minimize code-behind logic in the View.
Two-Way Communication: Unlike MVC’s one-way communication (Controller to View), MVVM enables two-way communication between View and ViewModel through data binding.
In summary, MVVM provides a clear separation of concerns, improves maintainability, and enhances testability. It’s a powerful pattern for building robust and scalable applications. So, next time you’re architecting your app, consider embracing MVVM! 🌟
Source: Conversation with Bing, 2/26/2024 (1) What Is MVVM Architecture? (Definition, Advantages) | Built In. https://builtin.com/software-engineering-perspectives/mvvm-architecture. (2) Understanding MVVM Architecture in Android – Medium. https://medium.com/swlh/understanding-mvvm-architecture-in-android-aa66f7e1a70b. (3) Mastering MVVM: A Comprehensive Guide to the Model-View-ViewModel …. https://dev.to/mochafreddo/mastering-mvvm-a-comprehensive-guide-to-the-model-view-viewmodel-architecture-221g. (4) Understanding MVVM architecture for Beginners | by Rosh | Medium. https://medium.com/@rosh_dev/understanding-mvvm-architecture-for-beginners-586caaa72179. (5) Why MVVM and what are it’s core benefits? – Stack Overflow. https://stackoverflow.com/questions/1644453/why-mvvm-and-what-are-its-core-benefits.
In the dimly lit basement of an old Victorian house, Dr. Rowan “Row” Hawthorne tinkered with wires, circuits, and vials of iridescent liquid. His unruly hair stood on end, a testament to his relentless pursuit of scientific breakthroughs. Row was no ordinary scientist; he was a maverick, a dreamer, and a little bit mad.
His obsession? Teleportation. The ability to traverse space instantaneously fascinated him. He’d read every paper, dissected every failed experiment, and even tried meditating in a sensory deprivation tank to unlock the secrets of the universe. But progress remained elusive.
One stormy night, as rain drummed against the windowpanes, Row had a revelation. He stared at the super soaker lying on his cluttered workbench. Its neon green plastic seemed out of place among the high-tech equipment. Yet, it held promise—a vessel for his audacious experiment.
Row connected the soaker to his quantum teleporter, a contraption that looked like a cross between a particle accelerator and a steampunk time machine. He filled the soaker’s reservoir with the iridescent liquid—a concoction of exotic particles and moonlight. The moment of truth had arrived.
He aimed the soaker at a potted fern in the corner of the room. The fern quivered, its fronds trembling with anticipation. Row squeezed the trigger, and a beam of shimmering energy shot out, enveloping the plant. The fern vanished, leaving behind a faint echo of chlorophyll.
Row’s heart raced. He stepped onto the teleporter’s platform, gripping the soaker like a futuristic weapon. The room blurred, and he felt weightless. In an instant, he materialized in the heart of the United Nations General Assembly—an audacious move, even for a scientist.
Diplomats gasped as Row stood before them, dripping wet and clutching the super soaker. The UN Secretary-General, a stern-faced woman named Elena Vargas, raised an eyebrow. “Who are you, and why are you interrupting—”
Row cut her off. “Ladies and gentlemen, I bring you the solution to global conflict.” He waved the soaker dramatically. “This humble water gun is now a weapon of peace.”
The assembly erupted in laughter. Row ignored them. “This device teleports emotions,” he declared. “Love, empathy, forgiveness—they’re all encoded in these water molecules. Imagine if we could share these feelings across borders, erase hatred, and build bridges.”
Elena Vargas leaned forward. “You’re insane.”
“Am I?” Row adjusted his lab coat. “Watch this.” He sprayed a mist of teleportation-infused water into the air. The room shimmered, and suddenly, delegates from warring nations embraced. Tears flowed, and old grievances dissolved. The super soaker had become a conduit for understanding.
Word spread. Row’s Quantum Soaker became a symbol of hope. He traveled to conflict zones, dousing soldiers and rebels alike. The Middle East, Kashmir, the Korean Peninsula—all witnessed miraculous transformations. The soaker’s payload wasn’t water; it was humanity’s shared longing for peace.
As the Nobel Committee awarded Row the Peace Prize, he stood on the podium, soaking wet, and addressed the world. “We’ve spent centuries fighting over land, resources, and ideologies,” he said. “But what if we fought for compassion, kindness, and understanding instead?”
And so, the super soaker became a relic of a new era. Rows of them lined the halls of diplomacy, ready to douse flames of hatred. The world learned that sometimes, the most powerful inventions emerge from the unlikeliest of sources—a mad scientist’s basement, a child’s toy, and a dream of a better tomorrow.
And Dr. Rowan Hawthorne? He continued his experiments, pushing the boundaries of science. But he never forgot the day he wielded a super soaker and changed the course of history—one teleportation at a time.
Migraine headaches can be debilitating and disruptive to daily life. Let’s explore some of the common triggers for migraines and how to manage them:
1. Stress
Stress is a major trigger for almost 70% of people with migraines. Daily stress levels are significantly associated with migraine activity. To cope with stress, consider techniques like biofeedback, relaxation therapy, meditation, and maintaining a consistent sleep schedule.
2. Irregular Sleep Schedule
Disrupted sleep patterns can increase the risk of migraines. Aim for 7-8 hours of sleep each night and avoid napping during the day. Create a consistent sleep routine to reduce the likelihood of attacks.
3. Hormonal Changes
Hormonal fluctuations, especially during menstrual periods, pregnancy, and perimenopause, can trigger migraines. Birth control methods that stabilize hormone levels may help prevent future attacks.
4. Caffeine and Alcohol
Consuming caffeine or alcohol can heighten migraine symptoms. Be mindful of your intake and consider reducing or avoiding these triggers.
5. Sensory Stimuli
Bright lights, strong odors, and loud sounds can trigger migraines. Minimize exposure to sensory triggers when possible.
6. Food Additives
Certain food additives like preservatives and sweeteners may contribute to migraines. Pay attention to your diet and identify any specific triggers.
7. Medications
Some medications can trigger migraines. Consult with a healthcare professional to find alternatives if needed.
8. Weather Changes
Extreme weather conditions, such as sudden temperature shifts or changes in barometric pressure, can provoke migraines. Stay aware of weather forecasts and take preventive measures.
9. Skipping Meals
Skipping meals can lead to low blood sugar levels, which may trigger migraines. Maintain regular meal times and stay hydrated.
10. Physical Exertion
Overexertion during physical activities can provoke migraines. Pace yourself and avoid excessive strain.
Remember that everyone’s triggers can vary, so it’s essential to identify your personal triggers and develop strategies to manage them. Consult a healthcare professional for personalized advice and treatment options. Migraine management involves a holistic approach, including lifestyle modifications, stress reduction, and proper sleep hygiene. 🌟
Source: Conversation with Bing, 2/17/2024 (1) What is Migraine and its possible symptoms, causes, risk and prevention methods?. https://www.msn.com/en-us/health/condition/Migraine/hp-Migraine?source=conditioncdx. (2) Migraine – Symptoms and causes – Mayo Clinic. https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/migraine-headache/symptoms-causes/syc-20360201. (3) Migraine: What It Is, Types, Causes, Symptoms & Treatments. https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/5005-migraine-headaches. (4) 16 Common Migraine Triggers: Foods, Lights, Weather & More – Healthline. https://www.healthline.com/health/migraine/triggers. (5) What are the most common migraine triggers?. https://microsoftstart.msn.com/en-us/health/ask-professionals/in-expert-answers-on-migraine/in-migraine?questionid=4h732j5h&type=condition&source=bingmainline_conditionqna. (6) Top 10 Migraine Triggers and How to Deal with Them. https://americanmigrainefoundation.org/resource-library/top-10-migraine-triggers/. (7) 10 common migraine triggers and how to cope with them. https://magazine.medlineplus.gov/article/10-common-migraine-triggers-and-how-to-cope-with-them. (8) undefined. https://microsoftstart.msn.com/. (9) en.wikipedia.org. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Migraine.
Recycling is a great way to reduce waste and protect the environment, but not everything can or should be recycled. In fact, some items that you might think are recyclable can actually contaminate or damage the recycling process, making it less efficient and more costly. In this blog post, we will look at the top ten things that are recycled and shouldn’t be, and what you can do instead to dispose of them properly.
1. Aerosol Cans
Aerosol cans can be recycled, but only if they are completely empty. Otherwise, they can pose a fire or explosion hazard at the recycling facility. If you have any leftover product in your aerosol cans, you should use it up or dispose of it as hazardous waste. You can also look for alternatives that don’t come in aerosol cans, such as pump sprays or solid products¹.
2. Batteries
Batteries shouldn’t go in with your conventional recycling. They contain toxic chemicals and metals that can leak and pollute the environment. They also require special handling and processing to recover the valuable materials inside. You should take your batteries to a designated collection point or a battery recycling program. You can also switch to rechargeable batteries or solar-powered devices to reduce your battery waste².
3. Pizza Boxes
Pizza boxes are made of cardboard, which is recyclable, but the problem is the grease that gets absorbed in them. Grease can interfere with the paper fibers and make them less suitable for recycling. It can also contaminate other recyclable materials and lower their quality. If your pizza box is clean and dry, you can recycle it. If it is greasy or has food residue, you should compost it or throw it in the trash³.
4. Bubble Wrap
Bubble wrap is a type of plastic film that is used to protect fragile items during shipping or storage. It is not recyclable in most curbside programs, as it can clog the sorting machines and cause problems. You should reuse your bubble wrap as much as possible, or donate it to a local business or organization that can use it. You can also look for eco-friendly alternatives, such as paper, cardboard, or biodegradable packing peanuts⁴.
5. Empty Deodorant Containers
Empty deodorant containers are tricky to recycle, as they are often made of a combination of plastic, metal, and cardboard. These materials need to be separated before they can be recycled, which is not easy to do. You should check with your local recycling program to see if they accept deodorant containers, and if not, you should throw them in the trash. You can also try making your own deodorant or buying deodorant that comes in recyclable or compostable packaging⁵.
6. Dental Floss and Containers
Dental floss is not recyclable, as it is too small and thin to be sorted and processed. It can also get tangled in the recycling machinery and cause damage. Dental floss containers are usually made of plastic, which can be recycled, but you need to remove the metal cutter and any leftover floss before you do so. You can also opt for dental floss that is made of natural materials, such as silk or bamboo, and comes in reusable or biodegradable containers.
7. Scrap Metal
Scrap metal, such as wire hangers, frying pans, or microwaves, should not go in your regular recycling bin. They can damage the recycling equipment and pose a safety risk for the workers. Scrap metal can be recycled, but it needs to be taken to a specialized facility or a scrap metal dealer. You can also donate or sell your scrap metal to someone who can use it or repair it.
8. Textiles
Textiles, such as clothes, towels, or curtains, are not accepted in most recycling programs, as they are made of different types of fibers that are hard to separate and recycle. They can also contaminate other recyclable materials and reduce their quality. You should donate or sell your textiles that are in good condition, or repurpose them into something else. You can also compost your textiles that are made of natural fibers, such as cotton or wool.
9. Ceramics
Ceramics, such as mugs, plates, or pots, are not recyclable, as they are made of clay and other materials that have a different melting point and composition than glass. They can also break and damage the recycling machinery and the glass products. You should reuse or repair your ceramics that are still functional, or donate or sell them to someone who can use them. You can also break your ceramics into small pieces and use them for crafts or gardening.
10. Styrofoam
Styrofoam, also known as polystyrene, is a type of plastic foam that is used for packaging, insulation, or food containers. It is not recyclable in most curbside programs, as it is bulky, lightweight, and difficult to process. It can also break into small pieces and pollute the environment and harm wildlife. You should avoid using Styrofoam as much as possible, or take it to a drop-off location or a mail-back program that accepts it. You can also look for alternatives that are made of paper, cardboard, or cornstarch.
Conclusion
Recycling is a good practice, but it is not always the best option. Some items that are recycled and shouldn’t be can cause more harm than good to the environment and the recycling system. You should always check the rules and guidelines of your local recycling program before you put something in the recycling bin. You should also try to reduce, reuse, and compost your waste as much as possible, and choose products that are eco-friendly and recyclable. By doing so, you can help make the world a cleaner and greener place. 🌎
Source: Conversation with Bing, 2/16/2024 (1) What can and can’t be recycled – BBC. https://www.bbc.com/future/article/20220525-what-can-and-cant-be-recycled. (2) 11 Things You Think Are Recyclable But They’re Not. https://www.familyhandyman.com/list/11-things-you-think-are-recyclable-but-theyre-not/. (3) 20 Items That Shouldn’t Actually go in Your Recycling. https://bing.com/search?q=things+that+are+recycled+and+shouldn%27t+be. (4) Recycling: what you can and can’t recycle and why it’s so confusing. https://theconversation.com/recycling-what-you-can-and-cant-recycle-and-why-its-so-confusing-206798. (5) 11 Things You Think Are Recyclable But Aren’t – Grove Collaborative. https://www.grove.co/blog/11-things-you-should-not-recycle. (6) 11 Things You Think Are Recyclable But They’re Not. https://www.familyhandyman.com/list/11-things-you-think-are-recyclable-but-theyre-not/. (7) 11 Things You Think Are Recyclable But They’re Not. https://www.familyhandyman.com/list/11-things-you-think-are-recyclable-but-theyre-not/. (8) 11 Things You Think Are Recyclable But They’re Not. https://www.familyhandyman.com/list/11-things-you-think-are-recyclable-but-theyre-not/. (9) 11 Things You Think Are Recyclable But They’re Not. https://www.familyhandyman.com/list/11-things-you-think-are-recyclable-but-theyre-not/. (10) 11 Things You Think Are Recyclable But Aren’t – Grove Collaborative. https://www.grove.co/blog/11-things-you-should-not-recycle. (11) 11 Things You Think Are Recyclable But Aren’t – Grove Collaborative. https://www.grove.co/blog/11-things-you-should-not-recycle. (12) 11 Things You Think Are Recyclable But They’re Not. https://www.familyhandyman.com/list/11-things-you-think-are-recyclable-but-theyre-not/. (13) 11 Things You Think Are Recyclable But They’re Not. https://www.familyhandyman.com/list/11-things-you-think-are-recyclable-but-theyre-not/. (14) 11 Things You Think Are Recyclable But They’re Not. https://www.familyhandyman.com/list/11-things-you-think-are-recyclable-but-theyre-not/. (15) 11 Things You Think Are Recyclable But They’re Not. https://www.familyhandyman.com/list/11-things-you-think-are-recyclable-but-theyre-not/.
Thresholding is a technique that converts a grayscale or color image into a binary image, where each pixel is either black or white. Thresholding can be useful for image segmentation, edge detection, and other applications. In this blog post, I will show you how to perform different types of thresholding with OpenCV, a popular library for computer vision in Python.
Simple Thresholding
Simple thresholding is the simplest way of thresholding, where we use a global value as a threshold. If the pixel value is below the threshold, it is set to black; otherwise, it is set to white. We can use the cv2.threshold function to apply simple thresholding. The function takes four arguments: the source image, the threshold value, the maximum value, and the thresholding type. The function returns two values: the threshold value used and the thresholded image.
Here is an example of simple thresholding with OpenCV:import cv2 import numpy as np from matplotlib import pyplot as plt # Read the image and convert it to grayscale img = cv2.imread('ex2.jpg') img = cv2.cvtColor(img, cv2.COLOR_BGR2GRAY) # Apply simple thresholding with a threshold value of 127 and a maximum value of 255 ret, thresh = cv2.threshold(img, 127, 255, cv2.THRESH_BINARY) # Show the original and thresholded images plt.subplot(121), plt.imshow(img, cmap='gray') plt.title('Original Image'), plt.xticks([]), plt.yticks([]) plt.subplot(122), plt.imshow(thresh, cmap='gray') plt.title('Thresholded Image'), plt.xticks([]), plt.yticks([]) plt.show()
The output of the code is:
We can see that the thresholded image has only two colors: black and white. The pixels that are below 127 are set to black, and the pixels that are above 127 are set to white.
Adaptive Thresholding
Simple thresholding may not work well if the image has different lighting conditions in different regions. In that case, adaptive thresholding can help. Adaptive thresholding determines the threshold for each pixel based on a small region around it. This way, we can get different thresholds for different regions of the same image, which can improve the results for images with varying illumination.
To apply adaptive thresholding, we can use the cv2.adaptiveThreshold function. The function takes six arguments: the source image, the maximum value, the adaptive method, the thresholding type, the block size, and a constant value. The function returns the thresholded image.
The adaptive method can be one of the following:
cv2.ADAPTIVE_THRESH_MEAN_C: The threshold value is the mean of the neighborhood area minus the constant C.
cv2.ADAPTIVE_THRESH_GAUSSIAN_C: The threshold value is the weighted sum of the neighborhood area minus the constant C. The weights are a Gaussian window.
The block size determines the size of the neighborhood area. It must be an odd number.
Here is an example of adaptive thresholding with OpenCV:import cv2 import numpy as np from matplotlib import pyplot as plt # Read the image and convert it to grayscale img = cv2.imread('ex2.jpg') img = cv2.cvtColor(img, cv2.COLOR_BGR2GRAY) # Apply simple thresholding with a threshold value of 127 and a maximum value of 255 ret, thresh1 = cv2.threshold(img, 127, 255, cv2.THRESH_BINARY) # Apply adaptive thresholding with a block size of 11 and a constant of 2 # Use the mean method and the binary thresholding type thresh2 = cv2.adaptiveThreshold(img, 255, cv2.ADAPTIVE_THRESH_MEAN_C, cv2.THRESH_BINARY, 11, 2) # Apply adaptive thresholding with a block size of 11 and a constant of 2 # Use the Gaussian method and the binary thresholding type thresh3 = cv2.adaptiveThreshold(img, 255, cv2.ADAPTIVE_THRESH_GAUSSIAN_C, cv2.THRESH_BINARY, 11, 2) # Show the original and thresholded images titles = ['Original Image', 'Simple Thresholding', 'Adaptive Mean Thresholding', 'Adaptive Gaussian Thresholding'] images = [img, thresh1, thresh2, thresh3] for i in range(4): plt.subplot(2, 2, i+1), plt.imshow(images[i], 'gray') plt.title(titles[i]), plt.xticks([]), plt.yticks([]) plt.show()
The output of the code is:
We can see that the adaptive thresholding images are better than the simple thresholding image, especially for the regions that have different lighting conditions. The adaptive mean thresholding image has some noise, while the adaptive Gaussian thresholding image is smoother.
Otsu’s Thresholding
Otsu’s thresholding is another way of thresholding, where we do not need to specify the threshold value manually. Instead, the algorithm finds the optimal threshold value that minimizes the within-class variance of the pixel values. Otsu’s thresholding can be useful for images that have a bimodal histogram, where the pixel values are clustered into two distinct groups.
To apply Otsu’s thresholding, we can use the same cv2.threshold function as before, but with an extra flag: cv2.THRESH_OTSU. The function will then ignore the threshold value argument and use Otsu’s algorithm to find the optimal threshold. The function will return the optimal threshold value and the thresholded image.
Here is an example of Otsu’s thresholding with OpenCV:import cv2 import numpy as np from matplotlib import pyplot as plt # Read the image and convert it to grayscale img = cv2.imread('ex2.jpg') img = cv2.cvtColor(img, cv2.COLOR_BGR2GRAY) # Apply simple thresholding with a threshold value of 127 and a maximum value of 255 ret1, thresh1 = cv2.threshold(img, 127, 255, cv2.THRESH_BINARY) # Apply Otsu's thresholding with a maximum value of 255 # The threshold value will be determined by the algorithm ret2, thresh2 = cv2.threshold(img, 0, 255, cv2.THRESH_BINARY + cv2.THRESH_OTSU) # Show the original and thresholded images titles = ['Original Image', 'Simple Thresholding', 'Otsu\'s Thresholding'] images = [img, thresh1, thresh2] for i in range(3): plt.subplot(1, 3, i+1), plt.imshow(images[i], 'gray') plt.title(titles[i]), plt.xticks([]), plt.yticks([]) plt.show() # Print the threshold values print('Simple Thresholding:', ret1) print('Otsu\'s Thresholding:', ret2)
We can see that the Otsu’s thresholding image is similar to the simple thresholding image, but with a slightly different threshold value. The Otsu’s algorithm found that 121 is the optimal threshold value for this image, which minimizes the within-class variance.
Conclusion
In this blog post, I have shown you how to perform different types of thresholding with OpenCV, such as simple thresholding, adaptive thresholding, and Otsu’s thresholding. Thresholding is a useful technique for image processing and computer vision, as it can help to segment, detect, and enhance images. I hope you have learned something new and useful from this post. If you have any questions or feedback, please feel free to leave a comment below. Thank you for reading!
Source: Conversation with Bing, 2/16/2024 (1) OpenCV: Image Thresholding. https://docs.opencv.org/3.4/d7/d4d/tutorial_py_thresholding.html. (2) Image Thresholding in Python OpenCV – GeeksforGeeks. https://www.geeksforgeeks.org/image-thresholding-in-python-opencv/. (3) OpenCV cv2.threshold() Function – Scaler Topics. https://www.scaler.com/topics/cv2-threshold/. (4) Simple Thresholding with OpenCV and Python – Jeremy Morgan. https://www.jeremymorgan.com/tutorials/opencv/simple-thresholding/. (5) github.com. https://github.com/alex-ta/ImageProcessing/tree/dfeb8b4d80bfc1cfda8ea0d39a38d090f7410d3b/test%20-%20Kopie.py. (6) github.com. https://github.com/zkzk5214/Py_road/tree/a67edc1604d468a37ab967d35ab1dc1f7a4f7742/openCV%2F15_Threshold%2F15_2.py. (7) github.com. https://github.com/samuelxu999/Research/tree/187965ff3c86a02c7f5cc853d4cdb77ec805a786/OpenCV%2Fpy_dev%2Fsrc%2Ftest_demo%2FImageProcessing%2FImageThresholding.py. (8) github.com. https://github.com/jgj03/opencv_library_basics/tree/b10f5871c1d4c5169385275abab59712b9bca364/001_opencv_basics.py.
Let’s explore some of the most common code smells that developers encounter and how to address them. Code smells are indicators of potential issues in your codebase, and recognizing them can lead to better software quality. Here are 31 code smells you should be familiar with:
Dispensables
1. Comments
While comments are essential for documenting code, excessive or confusing comments can be problematic. If your code needs extensive comments to explain its logic, consider refactoring it to make it more self-explanatory.
2. Duplicate Code
Duplication is a common issue that leads to maintenance nightmares. Repeated code fragments should be extracted into reusable functions or classes.
3. Lazy Class
Lazy classes serve no purpose and can be safely removed. If a class lacks functionality or remains unused, consider deleting it.
4. Dead Code
Unused code segments clutter your project and confuse other developers. Regularly clean up dead code to keep your codebase lean.
5. Speculative Generality
Avoid overengineering by creating overly generic solutions. Only add abstractions when necessary, not preemptively.
6. Oddball Solution
Sometimes, developers come up with unconventional solutions that deviate from established patterns. While creativity is valuable, ensure that your solution aligns with best practices.
Bloaters
7. Large Class
Monolithic classes violate the Single Responsibility Principle. Split large classes into smaller, focused ones.
8. Long Method
Long methods are hard to read and maintain. Break them down into smaller functions with clear responsibilities.
9. Long Parameter List
Excessive parameters make method calls cumbersome. Consider using data structures (e.g., objects) to group related parameters.
10. Primitive Obsession
Relying too much on primitive data types (e.g., using strings for everything) leads to code smells. Replace them with custom classes when appropriate.
11. Data Clumps
When several data items consistently appear together, consider encapsulating them into a single object.
Abusers
12. Switch Statements
Switch statements violate the Open-Closed Principle. Use polymorphism or other design patterns instead.
13. Temporary Field
Temporary fields are variables set but never used. Remove them to improve code clarity.
14. Refused Bequest
Inheritance hierarchies can lead to unwanted inherited behavior. Avoid inheriting methods or properties that don’t make sense in the subclass.
15. Alternative Classes with Different Interfaces
Similar classes with different interfaces confuse developers. Aim for consistency in naming and functionality.
16. Combinatorial Explosion
When dealing with multiple flags or options, avoid creating an explosion of combinations. Simplify your design.
17. Conditional Complexity
Complex conditional logic makes code hard to follow. Refactor complex conditions into smaller, more readable expressions.
Couplers
18. Inappropriate Intimacy
Classes that are too tightly coupled violate encapsulation. Reduce dependencies between classes.
19. Indecent Exposure
Avoid exposing internal details unnecessarily. Limit access to what’s essential.
20. Feature Envy
When one class excessively uses methods or properties of another, consider moving the logic to the appropriate class.
21. Message Chains
Chains of method calls between objects create tight coupling. Simplify chains to improve maintainability.
22. Middle Man
Remove unnecessary intermediary classes that merely delegate calls to other classes.
Preventers
23. Divergent Change
If a class frequently changes for different reasons, it violates the Single Responsibility Principle. Split it into smaller, focused classes.
24. Shotgun Surgery
When a single change requires modifications across multiple classes, refactor to reduce the impact.
25. Parallel Inheritance Hierarchies
Avoid creating parallel class hierarchies that mirror each other. Simplify your design.
Other Notable Mentions
26. Inconsistent Names
Use consistent naming conventions to improve code readability.
27. Uncommunicative Name
Choose descriptive names for variables, methods, and classes.
28. Type Embedded in Name
Avoid including type information in variable or method names.
29. Magic Numbers
Replace hard-coded numeric values with named constants or enums.
30. Incomplete Library Class
Extend library classes when necessary rather than duplicating their functionality.
31. Inconsistent Formatting
Maintain consistent code formatting throughout your project.
Remember, code smells are hints, not certainties. Use them as a guide to improve your codebase and write cleaner, more maintainable software. Happy coding! 🚀
¹: [Pragmatic Ways – 31 code smells all developers should be familiar with](https://pragmaticways.com/31-code-smells-you-must
Source: Conversation with Bing, 2/15/2024 (1) 31 code smells all developers should be familiar with – Pragmatic Ways. https://pragmaticways.com/31-code-smells-you-must-know/. (2) Identifying and addressing Kotlin code smells – LogRocket Blog. https://blog.logrocket.com/identifying-addressing-kotlin-code-smells/. (3) Uncovering the Scent of Code: Understanding and Eliminating Code Smells …. https://medium.com/multinetinventiv/uncovering-the-scent-of-code-understanding-and-eliminating-code-smells-a3e620b1abae. (4) 5 most common code smells that you should avoid – Medium. https://medium.com/geekculture/5-most-common-code-smells-that-you-should-avoid-86ae41cb1dc7. (5) What are Code Smells? (Examples with Solutions) | Built In. https://builtin.com/software-engineering-perspectives/code-smells.
Let’s dive into how you can integrate Detekt into your Android Studio projects to improve code quality. Detekt is a powerful static code analysis tool for Kotlin that helps identify code smells and enforce best practices. Here’s a step-by-step guide:
Integrating Detekt in Android Studio Projects
1. Understanding Detekt
Detekt is designed to enhance your codebase by enforcing a set of rules. It’s particularly useful when collaborating with a team of developers. Some key features of Detekt include:
Code Smell Analysis: Detekt identifies potential code smells in your Kotlin projects.
Highly Configurable: You can customize Detekt according to your specific needs.
Suppression Options: Suppress findings if you don’t want warnings for everything.
IDE Integration: Detekt integrates seamlessly with Android Studio.
Thresholds and Baselines: Specify code-smell thresholds to break builds or print warnings.
2. Adding Detekt to Your Project
To integrate Detekt into your Android project, follow these steps:
Open Android Studio and sync your project with the Gradle files.
Add Detekt Gradle Plugin: In your project’s build.gradle file, add the Detekt Gradle plugin as a dependency. For example: gradle plugins { id("io.gitlab.arturbosch.detekt") version "1.18.1" }
Run Detekt: Open the terminal in Android Studio and execute the following command: ./gradlew detekt Detekt will analyze your code, identify issues, and provide details on what needs improvement.
3. Rule Sets in Detekt
Detekt comes with predefined rule sets that check compliance with your code. These rules focus on improving code quality without affecting your app’s functionality. Here are some common rule sets:
Comments: Addresses issues in comments and documentation.
Complexity: Reports complex code, long methods, and parameter lists.
Naming: Enforces naming conventions for classes, packages, functions, and variables.
Remember that Detekt is highly configurable, so you can tailor it to your project’s specific needs.
4. Custom Rules and Processors
Detekt allows you to add your own custom rules and processors. If you encounter specific patterns or code smells unique to your project, consider creating custom rules to catch them.
Conclusion
By integrating Detekt into your Android Studio projects, you’ll proactively identify code issues, maintain consistent code quality, and collaborate effectively with your team. Happy coding! 🚀
I hope you find this guide helpful! If you have any further questions or need additional assistance, feel free to ask. 😊
Source: Conversation with Bing, 2/15/2024 (1) Integrating detekt in the Android Studio | by Nagendran P | Medium. https://medium.com/@nagendran.p/integrating-detekt-in-the-android-studio-442128e971f8. (2) Integrating detekt in the Workflow | Kodeco. https://www.kodeco.com/24470020-integrating-detekt-in-the-workflow. (3) How to Analyze Your Code with Detekt | by Maria Luíza – Medium. https://medium.com/mobile-app-development-publication/how-analyze-your-code-with-detekt-37be6c9c9105. (4) detekt – IntelliJ IDEs Plugin | Marketplace – JetBrains Marketplace. https://plugins.jetbrains.com/plugin/10761-detekt. (5) How to use detekt on a daily basis (in a multi module Android project …. https://proandroiddev.com/how-to-use-detekt-in-a-multi-module-android-project-6781937fbef2. (6) undefined. https://detekt.github.io/detekt/configurations.html%29. (7) Improve Code Quality Using Static Code Analysis With detekt. https://williamkingsley.medium.com/improve-code-quality-with-static-code-analysis-using-detekt-454b7e66d2ec. (8) Adding Detekt to your Android project – Since Last Commit. https://blog.asadmansoor.com/adding-detekt-to-your-android-project/.
We all know how stress can affect our mood, health and well-being. But did you know that our furry friends can also experience stress and anxiety? Dogs and cats are sensitive creatures that can react to various situations and stimuli in their environment. Sometimes, stress can be beneficial and help them cope with challenges or dangers. But other times, stress can be chronic and harmful, leading to behavioral or health problems.
So how can we tell if our dogs and cats are stressed? Unlike humans, they cannot tell us how they feel or what is bothering them. But they do have ways of communicating their emotions through their body language, vocalization and behavior. Here are some common signs of stress in dogs and cats that you should look out for:
1. Panting or drooling
Dogs pant when they are hot, excited or stressed. Panting helps them cool down and regulate their body temperature. But if your dog is panting excessively, even when it is not hot or after exercise, it could be a sign of stress or anxiety. Panting can also be accompanied by drooling, which indicates that your dog is nervous or uncomfortable.
Cats do not pant as often as dogs, but they may do so when they are stressed, scared or overheated. Panting in cats is usually a sign of respiratory distress or cardiovascular problems, so you should consult your vet immediately if you notice this symptom.
2. Hiding or cowering
Dogs and cats may hide or cower when they feel threatened, insecure or fearful. This is a natural response to avoid potential harm or confrontation. Hiding or cowering can also be a sign of submission or appeasement in dogs, meaning that they are trying to avoid conflict or aggression from another dog or person.
If your dog or cat is hiding or cowering more than usual, it could mean that they are stressed by something in their environment, such as loud noises, unfamiliar people or animals, changes in routine or household, etc. You should try to identify the source of stress and provide a safe and comfortable place for your pet to retreat to when they need some space.
3. Loss of appetite
Dogs and cats may lose their appetite when they are stressed, anxious or depressed. This is because stress can affect their digestive system and cause nausea, vomiting or diarrhea. Loss of appetite can also be a sign of other medical conditions, such as dental problems, kidney disease, infections, etc.
If your dog or cat is not eating as much as usual, you should monitor their food intake and weight closely and consult your vet if the problem persists or worsens. You should also make sure that your pet has access to fresh water at all times and offer them tasty and nutritious food that they enjoy.
4. Changes in eyes and ears
Dogs and cats can express their emotions through their eyes and ears. When they are stressed, they may show signs of fear, anxiety or aggression through their eye contact, pupil size and ear position.
For example, dogs may avoid eye contact or look away when they are stressed, scared or submissive. They may also show the whites of their eyes (whale eye) when they are uncomfortable or threatened. Their pupils may dilate when they are aroused, excited or fearful. Their ears may flatten against their head when they are afraid or submissive, or prick forward when they are alert or aggressive.
Cats may stare intensely at something that is stressing them out, such as another cat or a predator. They may also have dilated pupils when they are scared, angry or playful. Their ears may flatten sideways (airplane ears) when they are frightened or annoyed, or swivel back (helicopter ears) when they are curious or attentive.
5. Excessive licking or grooming
Dogs and cats may lick or groom themselves more than usual when they are stressed, anxious or bored. Licking or grooming can be a soothing behavior that helps them calm down and cope with stress. It can also be a displacement behavior that helps them redirect their attention from something that is bothering them.
However, excessive licking or grooming can also be harmful for your pet’s health and well-being. It can cause skin irritation, hair loss, infections or wounds. It can also indicate an underlying medical condition, such as allergies, parasites, hormonal imbalances, etc.
If your dog or cat is licking or grooming themselves excessively, you should check their skin and coat for any signs of problems and consult your vet if needed. You should also try to enrich your pet’s environment with toys, games and activities that keep them mentally stimulated and physically active.
Stress is inevitable for both humans and animals, but it does not have to be detrimental for our pets’ health and happiness. By recognizing the signs of stress in dogs and cats and providing them with proper care and support, we can help them cope with stress and enjoy a better quality of life.
