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Mathematics is a fascinating and beautiful subject that has captivated the minds of many people throughout history. Some of the most intriguing and difficult questions in mathematics have remained unsolved for centuries, despite the efforts of many brilliant mathematicians. In order to celebrate mathematics in the new millennium, the Clay Mathematics Institute (CMI) of Cambridge, Massachusetts, established seven Prize Problems in 2000. These are known as the Millennium Math Problems, and they are considered to be some of the most important and challenging open problems in mathematics today. The CMI has pledged a US$ 1 million prize for the first correct solution to each problem.

The Millennium Math Problems are:

Birch and Swinnerton-Dyer Conjecture: This conjecture relates the number of rational solutions to a certain type of equation called an elliptic curve to a special function called the L-function. Elliptic curves have many applications in number theory, cryptography, and physics.
Hodge Conjecture: This conjecture deals with the relationship between algebraic geometry and topology. It predicts that certain topological features of a complex algebraic variety can be described by algebraic equations.
Navier–Stokes Existence and Smoothness: This problem concerns the existence and uniqueness of smooth solutions to the Navier-Stokes equations, which describe the motion of fluids such as water and air. These equations are fundamental to fluid dynamics, aerodynamics, and meteorology.
P versus NP Problem: This problem asks whether every computational problem that can be verified efficiently can also be solved efficiently. This has implications for cryptography, artificial intelligence, optimization, and complexity theory.
Poincaré Conjecture: This problem was solved by Grigori Perelman in 2003, but he declined the prize. It states that every simply connected three-dimensional manifold is equivalent to a three-dimensional sphere. This is a special case of a more general conjecture by William Thurston, which classifies all three-dimensional manifolds into eight types.
Riemann Hypothesis: This hypothesis asserts that all the non-trivial zeros of the Riemann zeta function have real part equal to 1/2. The Riemann zeta function encodes information about the distribution of prime numbers, which are the building blocks of arithmetic.
Yang–Mills Existence and Mass Gap: This problem involves finding a rigorous mathematical framework for quantum field theory, which describes the interactions of elementary particles. It also requires proving the existence of a mass gap, which means that there is a positive lower bound for the energy of any non-trivial quantum state.

These problems are not only interesting for their own sake, but also for their connections to other areas of mathematics, science, and technology. Solving any of these problems would require deep insights and new techniques that could advance our understanding of the mathematical universe. The Millennium Math Problems are a challenge for the 21st century, and an invitation for anyone who loves mathematics to join the quest for knowledge.

If you want to learn more about these problems, you can visit the CMI website ¹ or read this book ².

¹ : https://www.claymath.org/millennium-problems/ ²: Devlin, K. (2003). The Millennium Problems: The Seven Greatest Unsolved Mathematical Puzzles of Our Time. Basic Books.